When a Lady Has 2 Babies Inside of Her
| "The Younger Lady" | |
|---|---|
 Right profile view of the mummy from KV35 | |
| Burial | KV35, Valley of the Kings, Thebes |
| Spouse | Akhenaten |
| Issue | Tutankhamun |
| Dynasty | Eighteenth of Egypt |
| Begetter | Amenhotep Three |
| Female parent | Tiye |
| Religion | Ancient Egyptian Organized religion |
The Younger Lady is the informal name given to a mummy discovered within tomb KV35 in the Valley of the Kings by archaeologist Victor Loret in 1898.[1] The mummy besides has been given the designation KV35YL ("YL" for "Younger Lady") and 61072, and currently resides in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Through recent DNA tests, this mummy has been identified every bit the mother of the pharaoh Tutankhamun and a daughter of pharaoh Amenhotep III and his Great Majestic Wife Tiye. Early speculation that this mummy was the remains of Nefertiti was argued to be incorrect,[2] as nowhere is Nefertiti accorded the title "Male monarch'southward girl."[3]
Discovery [edit]
The mummy was found next to 2 other mummies in KV35: a young boy who died at the estimate age of ten and is thought to be Webensenu, and an older woman, who has been identified every bit Tiye past the recent DNA studies on Tutankhamun's lineage.[2] The three mummies were constitute together in a small antechamber of the tomb of Amenhotep II, lying naked, side-by-side, and unidentified. All three mummies had been extensively damaged by ancient tomb robbers.
The forepart view of the Younger Lady
Description of the mummy [edit]
A 1912 sketch made by Grafton Elliot Smith of the full body of the Younger Lady mummy, documenting the all-encompassing damage
Dr. Grafton Elliot Smith examined the mummy in his survey of the ancient royal mummies conducted at the beginning of the twentieth century. He immediately noted that the body was that of a woman, not a homo as thought by Loret and subsequently authors; this error he ascribed to the fact the mummy's head was shaved. The body was measured to exist i.58 thou (5 ft 2 in) alpine and he judged her to have been no older than twenty-five years at the time of death based on the degree of fusion of the illiac crest and her non-erupted wisdom teeth.[4] CT scanning suggested an age of 20-five to thirty-five years at death based on the condition of the epiphyseal union and the closure of the cranial sutures.[5]
At that place is a minor (iii.8 by 3 centimetres (1.5 in × one.two in)) oval-shaped hole in the front end of the skull;[four] this hole has precipitous, beveled, and festooned edges. Additionally, bone fragments are seen inside the skull. This, together with lack of bear witness for attempted healing or sclerosis indicate this is a postmortem injury. The skull cavity contains her shrunken and desiccated brain and dura mater; there is no evidence of embalming textile within the cranial cavity. This is unusual, equally all other late Eighteenth Dynasty mummies testify some endeavour to remove the brain. Linen packs were placed in front end of the optics,[5] and subcutaneous packing is nowadays in her right cheek and mid-face.[6]
The Younger Lady has a gaping wound in the left side of her oral fissure and cheek. It was thought that this wound, which too destroyed function of the jaw, had been the effect of the actions of tomb robbers,[four] but more contempo examinations of the mummy in 2003 by a scientific team from Academy of York nether Joann Fletcher,[7] and CT scanning as part of The Egyptian Mummy Project adamant that the wound had happened prior to decease.[8] The injury involves her cheek, left maxillary sinus, alveolar process, and part of her jaw; it shows no evidence of healing. Furthermore, pieces of most of the woman'due south fractured facial bones are missing; a rolled embalming pack of resin-impregnated linen was placed on height of the wound and partly beneath the remaining skin, which lends further back up to the thought that the injury took place prior to mummification.[v] The researchers consider this injury to have been fatal, and the consequence of a heavy object hitting the woman's face.[seven] [5] Hawass considers the injury to be adventitious, involving the woman receiving a strong kick from an animal, such as a horse,[five] while Hermann Schögl suggested that she was killed in a chariot crash or accident.[9] Ashraf Selim viewed the wound equally too violent to exist the result of an accident. In his opinion, the Lady had been injured in an act of deliberate violence.[7] Julian Heath suggests that the wound was probable the effect of an axe accident.[10]
The woman has several missing teeth due to her facial injury, 1 of which is seen within her mouth. The upper wisdom teeth are non-erupted; her teeth have no visible compunction, and no occlusal irregularities.[5]
The front wall of the breast sustained major damage at the hands of ancient tomb robbers, creating a large hole.[4] Her heart was left in place, and remains visible within the trunk.[5] The diaphragm was non removed but had 2 holes fabricated to allow removal of the lungs.[4] Her internal organs were removed through an embalming incision measuring 56 by 135 millimetres (2.ii in × 5.iii in), located in the left inguinal region;[5] the incision is oval-shaped and gaping.[4] The torso was packed with both linen fibers smeared with resin, and linen packs treated with resin.[4] [v] Ane of the resin-treated linen packs was placed within the pelvis. The pelvic floor was noted to exist widely open and smeared with resin.[iv] It was possibly used as a road to remove the viscera during the mummification process and is a possible example of perineal evisceration.[5] At that place is a subcutaneous filling at the back of the right hip. The pelvis contains minor postmortem fractures, and the legs have besides been damaged; the front half of both feet are missing.[5]
Don Brothwell states that there is another wound below her left breast, likely a puncture or stab wound.[10] Nevertheless, this merits is not supported by any photos.[xi]
The left arm of the mummy extends abreast her body, with the mitt placed over the left hip; the right arm has been snapped off close to the shoulder, presumably by ancient tomb robbers.[iv] This interruption has gaping ends, with no evidence of attempted healing.[v] The missing right arm of the mummy was the crusade of a pocket-sized controversy among researchers. 2 severed arms were located within KV35, and either ane was idea likely to belong to the Younger Lady. 1 was a aptitude arm with a clenched fist, while the other was a direct arm. It was typical for the mummies of purple Egyptian women to be positioned with 1 of their arms bent and the other one in a straight position. The arm more likely to exist bent was the left.[vii] Ashraf Selim of The Egyptian Mummy Projection examined both arms to resolve the controversy. The bent arm was compared to the mummy'south attached left hand, and was found to be too long to belong to the same woman; the bones of the 2 arms too were found "different in consistency". The straight arm was found to be of similar length and similar bone density, then the project ended that the straight arm most likely belonged to the Younger Lady.[vii] The newly identified right arm of the Younger Lady has 2 breaks, "one in the upper arm and one at the wrist";[7] the hand has been cleaved off.[seven]
The Younger Lady has a double-pierced left earlobe; the correct earlobe is damaged.[four] Pierced ears were rather mutual for women of the New Kingdom of Egypt, including royals and non-imperial women, so her pierced ear cannot help researchers decide her identity or social position.[seven] Similarly inconclusive for identification purposes was the discovery of a wig in KV35, which could have belonged to the Younger Lady. Supporters of the theory identifying the woman with Nefertiti, pointed to the wig's perceived similarities with the blazon of wigs used by Nefertiti. Although they are fashion items used past Egyptian women of the same era, they tin can not help place the wig's user either.[7]
Identity [edit]
There has been much speculation as to the identity of the Younger Lady. Upon discovery, Victor Loret believed the torso to be that of a young human being. A closer inspection past Smith confirmed that the mummy was that of a woman. Smith presumed she was a member of the royal family but considered her to be contemporary with Amenhotep Ii.[4]
In 2003 Fletcher proposed that the Younger Lady was the body of Nefertiti.[ citation needed ] DNA tests take shown that this adult female was the female parent of Tutankhamun. The results also revealed she was a full-sis to her husband, the KV55 mummy, and that they were both the children of Amenhotep III and Tiye.[2] This family human relationship would lessen the possibility that the Younger Lady was either Nefertiti, or Akhenaten's secondary wife Kiya, considering no known artifact accords titles to either of them as "Male monarch's sister" or "Male monarch's Daughter".[8] The possibility of the Younger Lady being Sitamun, Isis, or Henuttaneb is considered unlikely, as they were Great Royal Wives of their father, Amenhotep III, and had Akhenaten married whatever of them, equally Great Royal Wives, they would accept become the main queen of Egypt, rather than Nefertiti. The written report concludes that the mummy is likely to be Nebetah or Beketaten, daughters of Amenhotep III and not known to have married their father, although he is known to have had eight daughters with Tiye.[viii]
In that location all the same are some Egyptologists who support the theory that the Younger Lady is Nefertiti.[9] Proponents of the genetic identification interpret the Deoxyribonucleic acid results as being the upshot of iii generations of first cousin marriage rather than a single, total-sibling marriage.[12] [thirteen] No son is recorded for Nefertiti.
Despite the Younger Lady existence the daughter of a pharaoh (Amenhotep III), a full sister and probable wife to a second pharaoh (Akhenaten), and the mother of a tertiary pharaoh (Tutankhamun/Tutankhaten), she does non appear to have been a prominent figure in her lifetime. As of the 2010s, no inscription, relief, or statue dedicated to this young pharaoh's mother has been found. KV62, the tomb of Tutankhamun, contains mementos from his life and reign; none of these items ever mention his female parent.[9] This is in stark contrast to the influential mothers of the pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty, who had a large presence in the reigns of their sons. Tiaa served as king's mother to Thutmose 4, Mutemwiya as king's mother to Amenhotep 3, and Tiye as king's female parent to Akhenaten. It seems likely that Tutankhamun/Tutankhaten never had a rex'due south mother (mwt nswt) during his reign, indicating that she had died before his ascension to the throne. This lends acceptance to the Younger Lady being a minor wife of Akhenaten who died before Tutankhamun became male monarch.[9] Willeke Wendrich besides considers information technology probable that she was a minor wife or a concubine to Akhenaten.[fourteen] Wendrich notes that the pharaohs of Egypt typically had multiple wives. This frequently resulted in multiple sons serving every bit viable heirs to the throne, and creating the potential competition among the sons to gain the right to succeed their father.[fourteen]
Facial reconstruction [edit]
On vii February 2018, The Younger Lady was featured on the seventh episode of the fifth flavor of Expedition Unknown, entitled "Dandy Women of Ancient Egypt". On the presumption that the mummy might be Nefertiti, a team led past Expedition Unknown's host Josh Gates used the preserved remains, modern engineering, and artistry to present a reconstruction of what the Younger Lady would accept looked like in full regal regalia.[15] The bust was created by French paleoartist Élisabeth Daynès.[16] The Dna research on the mummy excludes Nefertiti from consideration as the Younger Lady, however.
Meet also [edit]
- List of unsolved deaths
References [edit]
- ^ Reeves, Nicholas; Wilkinson, Richard H. (1996). The Complete Valley of the Kings: Tombs and Treasures of Egypt's Greatest Pharaohs (2010 paperback ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. p. 100. ISBN978-0-500-28403-2.
- ^ a b c Hawass Z, Gad YZ, Ismail S, Khairat R, Fathalla D, Hasan Due north, Ahmed A, Elleithy H, Ball K, Gaballah F, Wasef S, Fateen M, Amer H, Gostner P, Selim A, Zink A, Pusch CM (February 2010). "Ancestry and Pathology in Male monarch Tutankhamun'south Family". JAMA. 303 (7): 638–47. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121. PMID 20159872.
- ^ "Ray Johnson on the Forensic Reconstruction of the "Younger Lady" | The Oriental Plant of the University of Chicago". oi.uchicago.edu . Retrieved ten May 2021.
- ^ a b c d due east f g h i j k Elliot Smith, Thou. (1912). The Purple Mummies (2000 reprint ed.). Bath, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland: Duckworth. pp. 40–41. ISBN0-7156-2959-X.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hawass, Zahi A.; Saleem, Sahar N. (2016). "D. The mummy of the Younger Lady of KV35". Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Purple Mummies. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 80–83. ISBN978-9774166730.
- ^ Saleem, Sahar Northward.; Hawass, Zahi (May–June 2015). "Subcutaneous Packing in Royal Egyptian Mummies Dated From 18th to 20th Dynasties". Journal of Calculator Assisted Tomography. 39 (3): 301–306. doi:10.1097/RCT.0000000000000205. PMID 25695867. S2CID 26076919.
- ^ a b c d e f chiliad h i Hawass, Zahi A.; Saleem, Sahar N. (2016). "The Search for the Mummy of Queen Nefertiti". Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN978-9774166730.
- ^ a b c Hawass, Z; et al. (2010). "Ancestry and pathology in Rex Tutankhamun's family unit". JAMA. 303 (7): 638–47. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121. PMID 20159872.
- ^ a b c d Eaton-Krauss, Marianne (2016). "Alternative interpretations of the Dna data". The Unknown Tutankhamun. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 10–eleven. ISBN978-1472575630.
- ^ a b Heath, Julian (2015). "Notes: Chapter four:Controversies and Scandals in Egyptology". Archæology Hotspot Arab republic of egypt: Unearthing the Past for Armchair Archaeologists. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 180. ISBN978-0759124028.
- ^ Rose, Mark. "Where's Nefertiti? - Archaeology Magazine Archive". archive.archaeology.org . Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ Dodson, Aidan (2018). Amarna Sunset : Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian counter-reformation (Revised ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Printing. p. 17. ISBN978-977-416-859-8.
- ^ Gabolde, Marc (2013). "L'ADN de la famille royale amarnienne et les sources égyptiennes - de la complémentarité des méthodes et des résultats". Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne, Montpellier : UMR 5140 - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier (in French). 3 (6): 177–203. Retrieved xiv Nov 2021.
- ^ a b Than, Ken (February 17, 2010). "King Tut Mysteries Solved: Was Disabled, Malarial, and Inbred". National Geographic News . Retrieved October 5, 2017.
- ^ "Black Twitter roasts TODAY show for Queen Nefertiti reconstruction that looks like a white adult female - theGrio". theGrio. 2018-02-06. Retrieved 2018-02-26 .
- ^ "A new, anatomically authentic bust depicts Queen Nefertiti—merely with fair pare". Newsweek. 2018-02-07. Retrieved 2018-02-26 .
External links [edit]
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Younger_Lady
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